Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)—Biology, Management, and Future Research Directions

Abstract The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), is one of the most important external parasites cattle in North America and elsewhere. Horn fly adults have an intimate association with cattle, their primary host. With often-high numbers by feeding up to 38 times per day flies stress cattle. resulting productivity loss valued at more than 2.3 billion USD United States. Insecticides are commonly used mitigate direct injury from indirect disease transmission. This paper discusses biology, distribution, management. Emphasis on promising new approaches novel insecticides, repellents, biological control, vaccines, animal genetics, sterile insect technology that will lead effective preventative tactics integration smart technologies We conclude a discussion research needs necessary shift integrated pest management emphasis precision use reactive techniques.